Information Technology

 Introduction

 The development of computers has already taken place many decades ago, but in the modern era, amazing changes are being made in the capacity, speed, size and many other characteristics of the computer.  In all this information, the invention of information technology has made many impossible things possible.  We can reserve a railway-airplane ticket for chatting with any of our friends and relatives located at home.  Along with the development of computers, information technology is also on the path of development.  Information technology is mainly used in the form of data communication, at businesses, homes, banks, etc.  In other words, the new branch of knowledge is called information technology.

 Fundamental Ingredient of IT

 Communication process, computer network, e-mail etc. are fundamental components of information technology.  Their brief description is as follows-

 Communication Process

 The exchange of data and information between two different or similar devices is called data communication and this entire process is called communication.  Communication process is accomplished by the following means-

 1. Message

 2. Recipients

 3. sender

 4. Medium

 5. Protocol

 Computer Network

 The interconnection of two or more computers for the exchange and sharing of information or other resources is called a computer network.  Under the computer network, resources and information reach equally from one computer to another.  Computer networks are set up between a company or buildings, a room, and the city.

 Types of Network

 There are different types of networks but mainly there are three types of networks -

 1. Local Area Network- LAN

 Networks that are limited to only one building, office or one room are called local area networks.  Many computers are connected under this network.  But their geographical area is one or two km.  Does not exceed  Examples of LANs are Ring, Star or Completely Connected Network etc.

 2. Metropolitan Area Network- MAN

 A network created by connecting one or more local area networks together is called a metropolitan area network.  This network is a large-scale network, made up of several corporates.  Man speed is extremely fast, but slower than LAN.

 3. Wide Area Network- WAN

 Networks that are connected at the regional, national, international and regional levels are called wide area networks.  Computer terminals are connected by satellite to the van.  For example, it is possible to make a reservation from Delhi to Kolkata by staying in Mumbai or a flight from Canada to Singapore by van only.  The speed of the van is slower than that of LAN and MAN.

Computer Data Structure

 Computer is a very useful device.  The computer stores all types of instructions given by the user for calculation such as numbers, numbers, text, graphics, pictures, etc.  All these data and instructions are different, but the computer stores all these data and instructions in binary language.  Binary is the language of a machine whose base is just two numbers - 0 and 1.  All the instructions given by the user are converted to 0 and 1 in binary language.  This process is called data representation.  There are two methods for data representation -

 1. Analog verbs

 2. Digital Activities

 Analog Operations

 Analog verbs are based on a continuously variable signal.  Numbers are not used in these.  Analog functions are used in many fields of science and engineering as physical quantities are used more in these areas such as speedometer, odometer, voltmeter, thermometer etc.

 Digital Operation

 Modern computers are made by digital electronic circuits.  The main part of this circuit is the transistor which operates in two stages 0 and 1.  These two stages that express data in a computer are collectively called binary number systems.

 A system is created to store binary data, the smallest unit of which is bit.

 4 bits = 1 nibble

 8 bits = 1 byte

 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)

 1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (MB)

 1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte (GB)

 1024 gigabytes = 1 terabyte (TB)